The Impact Of Conflict On The Government Responded By...

Conflict began in Syria, in 2011, when peaceful protesters organized, hoping to ensue change in the government. The government responded with devastating bombings at the sites of the protests. Linda J. was born and raised in Syria where she married and had 5 children. After her 7-day old son was murdered at a hospital, bombed by the government, Linda J. and her family decided to leave Syria. After a year of living in Lebanon, sustaining 7 people off an income of $15 a day, Linda J. and her husband received news that they would be considered for â€Å"resettlement† in America (Linda J.). After more than a year of intense questioning, and countless background searches, Linda J. and her family were cleared to move to the U.S. She recalls, â€Å"My story is my story, so I knew that the details would match their information. But I was not prepared for the level of scrutiny or length of the process† (Linda J.). They traveled to the U.S. with only $30 for their journey. After living in the U.S. for a year, Linda’s husband has a job, and her children are attending school. Linda J. stated, â€Å"My biggest dream is for my daughters to have a good education and good careers, and for us to be part of this society: to learn the language, to do something productive, to integrate† (Linda J.). Linda J. concluded her recollection with this statement, â€Å"I understand that there is a necessary process for Syrian families to come here, but please don’t close the door† (Linda J.). Because the majority ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on The African-American Civil Rights Movement 1955-19582790 Words   |  12 PagesThe civil rights movement in the United States was the start of a political and social conflict for African-Americans in the United States to gain their full rights in the country, and to have the same equality as white Americans. The civil rights movement was a challenge to segregation, the laws and ordinances that separated blacks and whites. 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New Venture Financing Case Free Essays

`New venture financing at its core is securing the necessary funding to launch a new business. There are a variety of options for the entrepreneur to secure these funds, and finding the right financing in critical to starting any new business. Investors into a new venture will want to know that there is an acceptable risk/reward threshold for their capital. We will write a custom essay sample on New Venture Financing Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, it is important that the entrepreneur alleviate investor anxiety about the riskiness of the venture. There are several ways of an entrepreneur can portray the investment so that it is perceived to have less risk to the investor’s capital: an entrepreneur can stake his/her own capital in the venture to show the investor that he has a â€Å"horse in the race† as well, he/she may promise to pay back the money invested at an earlier stage in business growth rather than a later stage where the business’ financial status is less certain, or he/she may give investors some form of control in the company through specified terms, loan covenants, or participation in management. There are many entrepreneurs, however, who receive no outside funding for their start-up businesses. â€Å"Bootstrapping,† as it’s called, is when an entrepreneur uses his/her own savings, credit, personal loans, or equity available from a home or car mortgage. This is ideal if the entrepreneur has enough capital to start the business, as they retain 100% of ownership and control. Unfortunately, not all entrepreneurs can fund their new venture without outside help. When starting a new venture, it can be problematic to be burdened with too many liabilities that must be repaid, instead of reinvesting the funds back into the business to stimulate growth. For this reason, equity financing may be a more prudent path. There is a sector of specialized firms that will provide â€Å"seed capital† for a new venture, when the entrepreneur does not have enough capital to begin the new venture on their own. This capital is meant to get an idea off the ground and move it from past the â€Å"idea stage,† until the business has advanced to the stage where it can generate sufficient revenues itself. In this regard, they are considered to be â€Å"angels,† although this term can apply to individual investors as well as firms. â€Å"Angels† are typically those who have an excess of capital and contribute capital to new ventures. Angels may want forms of convertible debt, ownership equity, or management positions or control. To approach anyone for financing it is important to have a business plan. All legal issues regarding stakes and/or ownership should be clearly stated in any business plan, and it may be advantageous to supply a formal offering memorandum to investors. This will legally protect both principals in additional to providing the investors with a well-formulated blueprint for the formation and growth of the new venture. Venture Capital is another source of financing. Venture capital is a pool of equity capital that is professionally managed. Wealth individuals can invest in these funds as limited partners, but usually they are comprised of pension funds and endowments. The general partners of the venture capital firm manage the funds, and are compensated with a fee as well as a percentage of the gains on the investments of the funds. Target returns on the investment in a venture capital fund are between 50% – 60%, although they can be very volatile. Venture capital usually does not take place during the start-up stage of the business cycle; usually is in the 2nd round financing stage. When exploring financing options and potential investors, it is paramount to guard any proprietary material associated with the new venture. Proprietary material is also known as a trade secret, which can be almost anything: a pattern, formula, design, process, or information. Whatever the proprietary information, it gives the entrepreneur a potential competitive advantage over competitors, and is usually not generally know by the public. Protecting proprietary material with confidentiality agreements or non-disclosure agreements is advisable to any entrepreneur. As stated previously, there are different options when selecting financing. Equity ecurities are instruments like common stock and preferred stock, ownership shares in a firm, which derive value from the value of the firm, and are also a claim on a firm’s assets after all senior claims have been satisfied in the event of liquidation. Debt securities can take many forms: bonds, debentures, notes, etc. These debt securities receive higher priority than equity securities, and have the added benefit to the hold of receiving interest payments as well as the pri ncipal payment at the maturity of the security. Some debt instruments can be converted into equity securities depending on their construction. Venture capital firms will often â€Å"syndicate† a large investment: they attempt to entice other firms to take a stake in the investment. This allows venture capital firms to invest in numerous firms, diversifying their portfolios, and decreasing risk. Another form of financing is â€Å"cash flow financing. † Cash flow financing is typically funded by commercial banks, although it can also be obtained from institutional lenders (insurance firms or pension funds), loan institutions, or finance companies, and is a form of debt financing. These can either be short-term, long-term, or line-of-credit obligations. Asset-based financing may be more appealing to a start-up business than cash flow financing because start-ups lack an earnings history. In this form of financing, the firm gives the financier a first lien on assets: assets that can be used for these liens include accounts receivable, inventory, equipment, real estate, personally secured loans, letter-of-credit financing, and government secured loans. Venture leasing, a hybrid financing option, occurs when a piece of equipment must be rented by a new venture for a fixed term. However, since the machine will have depreciated in value by the end of this fixed term, and if the new venture fails, the renter will have a harder time renting a depreciated piece of equipment, venture leasors will want to be able to purchase equity shares of the venture at the current price of financing at some date in the future, in exchange for the additional risk they take in leasing to the new venture. Of course, once your new venture has begun receiving revenues, financing may be internally generated. Profits can be reinvested into the venture to continue growth. Sources of internally generated financing include retained earnings, credit from suppliers, accounts receivable, a reduction in working capital, and the sale of assets. And while these sources can be a beneficial way of raising capital without the help of outside investors, the venture must be wary of becoming too â€Å"lean,† or not having any wiggle room financially. There are a variety of investment possibilities to entrepreneurs in a new venture. Choosing the right one, or combination of financing methods, is critical to the growth and maturity of any venture. Throughout the business life-cycle, there are different stages at which these different financing methods will be helpful, or even necessary, and knowing which one best suits the venture is a vital part of prosperity. How to cite New Venture Financing Case, Papers

How do Durrenmatt (The Visit) and Ibsen(A Dolls House)use the institution of marriage to comment on their respective societies Essay Example For Students

How do Durrenmatt (The Visit) and Ibsen(A Dolls House)use the institution of marriage to comment on their respective societies Essay Throughout history, the role of a woman has been that of a submissive and attentive wife, Her role mainly comprised of living for her husband and her children. (Rasha.Adderpit 2002). Both Durrenmatt (The Visit) and Ibsen(A Dolls House) reflect this issue in their writings: In Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House, Ibsen examines the consequences of stereotypical role of couples in marriage and presents how the woman regains her strength and self-respect. (http://sunsite.berkeley.edu). While Friedrich Durrennmats The Visit, exhibits how a woman utilizes the power of marriage to seek revenge on her ex-lover and town people as a whole. I decided to investigate the different institutions of marriage as they are depicted in both plays, through the question: How do Durrenmatt (The Visit) and Ibsen(A Dolls House)use the institution of marriage to comment on their respective societies. It is vital for us to discuss the temporal settings. As we know, the two female characters live in two completely different times. Nora lives in Victorian times (19th century) where nothing was considered more holy than the covenant of marriage (Wikipedia A_Dolls_House) while Clara lives in a modern age (1950-1960) , a time that contains much corruption of justice and everything is based on wealth and authority. Commonly, both of the characters live in male-dominant and money-oriented societies where a woman is relatively powerless and cannot cannot make important decisions However, Clara and Nora have different values and attitudes concerning marriage. Nora appears to be a weaker figure as she, to some extent, has lost her identity in her marriage. It is true to say that her purpose is to be a caring and traditional wife and she always displays kindness and concern for her husband and children. A good example can be the time when she forged her fathers name and borrowed 800 Cronen in order take her husband to Italy. She is eager to serve her family without any thought. Last winter I was so luckyI got a heap of copying to do. I shut myself up every evening and wrote far into the night. Oh, sometimes I was so tired, so tired. And yet it was splendid to work in that way and earn money. I almost felt as if I was a man. (Ibsen, 2002, page 22). Even through Nora is trying to do something society expects, we still can say that Nora plays a weak role in her relationship with Helmer and their marriage can be dramatically seen as a barrier imprisoning her life. The root cause of this problem is her instinctive feeling on the one hand and her belief in authority on the other hand thus bringing her into complete confusion (Ferguson ,1996). She feels that she lived with a stranger, -( her husband Helmer,) You dont understand me, And Ive never understood you-until just now (Ibsen, 2002 page 80). For eight years Ive lived with a stranger. Born him three children, I cant bear it. Id like to tear myself to pieces. (Ibsen, 2002 page 85). Moreover, In the end, we can also explore the fact that Nora is unable to deal with marriage as her purpose of marriage is alerted to real happiness that contradicts the expectations of women from 19th Century Europe.. but I am going find out, which of us is right, society or me. (Ibsen, 2002 page 84 ). Clara , however, is different from Nora. In the play The Visit, we can perceive her as an old, unkillable woman, eager to have money and authority. In the entire story, it is easy for us to find that unlike Nora in A Dolls House, Clara has never been trapped into marriage. In contrast, there is evidence to the effect that Claras truthful relationship in marriages seems to be less important in comparison to Nora. She controls her marriages as a man and most of her husbands are treated as consumer goods. Furthermore, she does not have a stable marriage as Nora does. All her marriages and divorces are so sudden, its my second shortest marriage. Only the one with Lord Ishmael was trifle quicker. (Durrenmatt, 1973, page 64) This suggests that she does not really care about marriage itself but about the authority she can obtain. My fourth, impoverished. His share belongs to me (Durrenmatt, 1973, page 52) .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 , .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .postImageUrl , .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 , .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3:hover , .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3:visited , .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3:active { border:0!important; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3:active , .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3 .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8ef14200d4fde8ce566fcfe8748c86e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Fair Lady Review Essay ThesisIn addition, reading through the play we can also explore that unlike Nora, there is no positive and clear purpose in Claras marriages. But she has stronger feeling to rebel against the societies view The world made me a prostitute and I will turn the world into brothel. (Friedrich, 1973, page 67) we also find that Clara has not lost her identity as Nora beacuse she never had one, and she can also be seen as vicitm of justice itself (Crokett ,1998,page 93). She was driven out of town with shame and she has been a prostitute, so she understands that her status is only higher than an animal and the only way to raise her status is to satisfy a wealthy mans lust. She believes that there is no romantic love in this dehumanized world and her sexual relationship with men can raise her status in society and give her a better life. This is the reason why she gets married to Mr. Zachanassan, who dramatically changes her personal status and makes her become more powerful. As Clara describes And millions more in cash. It was worth marriage. A greater teacher, and a dancer; a real evil. Ive copied him completely. (Friedrich, 1973 page 42) Whats more, we can see that the she does not care about a normal persons life and feelings, as long as she can take revenge on the whole town people. It is also important for us to observe other female characters such as Mrs. Linde in A Dolls House and Mrs. Ill in The Visit. To start with, through these two characters conversations and attitude toward life, we can find that they actually serve completely opposite roles in comparison with Nora and Clara. Mrs. Linde, for instance, is Noras friend who has working experience and takes responsibility for her family. I had to turn my hand to anything I could find-first a small shop, then a small school, and so on. The last three years have seemed like one long working-day, with no rest. (Ibsen 2002, page 20) Meanwhile, even though, she has suffered poverty and was widowed when she was young, Mrs Linde can still manage to survive crises based on her truthful relationship with other people The ability for her to rebuild her relationship with Krogstad is a good case I need someone to mother, your children need mother; you and I need each other. I trust you, Nils, the man you really are . ( Ibsen ,2002 ,page 67) She wants Nora and Helmer to understand each other. Helmer must know all about it. This unhappy secret must be disclosed; they must have a complete understanding between them, which is impossible with all this concealment and falsehood going on. ( Ibsen ,2002 ,page 35) In The Visit, through Mrs. Ill conversation with others, we understand that she is a person with a realistic personality. Unlike Clara, Mrs. Ill does not want to corrupt society; she loves her family there are no secrets in our family. What we always say is, anything God knows, our children ought to know, (Durrenmatt, 1973 page 72). She is also aware of the fact that sometimes giving up somebody or something may lead to a later worthy life. We would hang it in the bedroom. Over the bed. Alfred ll be old one day. And you never know what might happen, its a comfort to have a souvenir. (Durrenmatt, 1973 page 70) This might be the reason why she does not find a way to save her husband and buys things for other members of the family. In conclusion, I think that both plays describe female attitudes to marriage consistent with the 19th and 20th century Europe. Despite some similarities, there are many differences as they illustrate the institution of marriage in their respective societies. By examing the marriges of Nora in A Dolls House, I believe that the information Ibsen wants to convey is to critisise the institution of marriage in conventional societies. As we can see in the text, Nora can be a happy and cheerful woman who can greatly gain respect as she devotes herself to marriage. However, the social conception of marriage insists that for the sake of conformity she needs be nothing else apart from plaything, a doll, a nonentity. (http://sunsite.berkeley.edu). However, if we analyze the character of Clara In the Visit, we will see that Durrenmatt uses her to judge the utilization of the marriage institution. He wants to make Claras marriage an example to demonstrate how marriage can be abused by woman to ga in social acceptance and power through wealth.

Matchbox 20 free essay sample

In March, Matchbox 20 returned to the Orpheum Theater in Boston, Massachusetts to play a sold-out show. Many excited fans (and I) couldnt wait to see them. Even though I had really bad seats in the balcony, I didnt mind. Around 7: 30 p.m. the first band, David Ganza, came on. They were unknown, and not many saw them. Most were hanging out in the lobby or came late. But those who saw this band were supportive and I though they were okay. Then around 8 p.m., the seats started to fill as many fans waited for Matchbox 20. I sat there watching the crew set up the equipment. At 8: 30, the lights lowered and a small film started to play. After the film the curtain went up and the lead singer, Rob Thomas, started singing Busted. Everyone, (including me), started screaming. During the first set, everyone got up and starting singing along to Real World, 3 a. We will write a custom essay sample on Matchbox 20 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page m., and others. During Shame, Rob Thomass microphone went out. Many fans started to tell the singer they couldnt hear and cheered till the problem got fixed. The band ended with Push and then left for intermission. The fans screamed and ranted, wanting an encore. Rob Thomas came out after the intermission and played a short acoustic set. During the second set, they played a lot of new songs which probably ended up on the second album. During one of the songs people took out their lighters and had a candle ceremony. Near the end, Rob Thomas informed the audience that this was their last American show for a while and introduced everyone in the band. They ended with the song, Long Day and left with the Matchbox 20 logo flashing on the screen. I recommend checking out this band because if you love their album, youll like seeing them live. . Matchbox 20 free essay sample Matchbox 20s enthusiasm over performing in front of a packed house in Boston was clear on that November night. Despite the first snowfall of the season and the harshly cold weather, fans from all parts of New England crowded into the Orpheum for this zestful performance. Matchbox 20 is comprised of some very talented musicians. Guitarists Kyle Cook and Adam Gaynor made an exceptional and flawless performance. Lead singer Rob Thomas forceful voice and exceptional song-writing skills were equally impressive. In general, the stage show was vibrant and well-paced. However, at points the lighting was so bright I wished I had brought sunglasses. Nevertheless, their performance was well received, and they kept the crowd eager for more. Leaving few displeased, Matchbox 20 played some well-known songs from their latest album, Yourself or Someone Like Yourself. They kept the crowd singing with their most popular Push, which is currently played on many radio stations, as well as music countdowns. We will write a custom essay sample on Matchbox 20 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other well-known songs that went over big were 3 A.M. and their first hit single Long Day. The opening band featured the talented lead singer Lili Hayden, who played the violin in a very original way. Their music creates a strange and intriguing new sound by combining classical violin with regular rock instruments. This band was well received by the audience and may soon become a success in the music world. The exciting performances of these two bands left nothing to be desired. This will not be the last time we hear of Matchbox 20. Theyre well on their way to becoming even more popular as they continue to produce more and more hit songs. With Boston as the last stop of their long tour, we were delighted to see them perform and hope they continue making hit music in the future. .

Logic Gates Essays (789 words) - Logic Gates, Digital Electronics

Logic Gates Essays (789 words) - Logic Gates, Digital Electronics Logic Gates Experiment #1 Title:Logic Gates Objective:To analyze and become familiar with the operation of TTL Logic Gates. Equipment:Digital Trainer AND Gate (7408) NAND Gate (7400) OR Gate (7432) NOR Gate (7402) Procedure: 1) For each gate predict the output for all combinations of inputs. Write the truth table and describe the operation for the circuit. 2) Build each of the logic circuits to determine if it does operate as expected. Record the results. 3) Have it checked by the Instructor of Lab Tech. Diagrams AND Gate (7402) NAND Gate (7400) OR Gate (7432) NOR Gate (7402) Truth Tables AND Gate (7408) ABOUTPUT 00 0 01 0 10 0 10 1 NAND Gate (7400) ABOUTPUT 00 1 01 1 10 1 11 0 OR Gate (7432) ABOUTPUT 00 0 01 1 10 1 11 1 NOR Gate (7402) ABOUTPUT 00 1 01 0 10 0 11 0 Discussion In the experiment for the AND Gate, the red lead from the power pack in connected to pin #14 (Vcc). The black lead from the power pack in connected to pin #7, which is the ground. Both HIGH inputs from the Vcc are connected to pin #1 and pin #2. Output pin #3 is connected to the positive side of the LED, while the other side of the LED is connected to the ground. The LED lights up, because HIGH is present at pin #3 of the AND Gate. The power connections are the same while one of the inputs was connected to LOW. The LED did not light up, signifying a LOW at pin #3, which is the output. In the experiment for the NAND Gate, the red wire from the power pack is connected to pin #14, which is the Vcc. The black wire from the power pack is connected to pin #7, which is the ground. Two HIGH inputs from the Vcc are connected to pin #1 and pin #2. Output pin #3 is connected to the positive side of the LED, while the other pin from the LED is connected to ground. The LED did not light up, because a LOW is present at pin #3 of the NAND Gate. The power wires remain unchanged while one of the inputs was connected to LOW from the ground. The LED did not light up, signifying a HIGH at pin #3. In the experiment for the OR Gate, the red lead from the power pack is connected to pin #14, which is the Vcc. The black lead from the power pack is connected to pin #7, which is the ground. Two LOW inputs are connected to pin #1 and pin #2. Output pin #3 is connected to the positive side of the LED, while the other side of the LED is connected to the ground. The LED did not light up, because a LOW is present at pin #3 of the OR Gate. The power connections have been the same while one of the inputs was connected to HIGH from the Vcc. The LED lights up, because a HIGH is present at pin #3. In the experiment for the NOR Gate, the red lead from the power pack is connected to pin #14, which is the Vcc. The black lead from the power pack is connected to pin #7, which is the ground. Both LOW inputs from the ground are connected to pin #1 and pin #2. Output pin #3 is connected to the positive side of the LED, while the other side of the LED is connected to ground. The LED lights up, because a HIGH is present at pin #3 of the NOR Gate. The power connections are kept unchanged while one of the inputs was connected to HIGH from the ground. The LED did not light up, signifying a LOW at pin #3. Summary In the experiment for the OR Gate, if both inputs are LOW, the output is LOW. Otherwise the output is always HIGH. In the experiment for the AND Gate, when both inputs are HIGH the output is HIGH. Otherwise the output is always LOW. In the experiment for the NOR Gate, when both inputs are LOW, the output is HIGH. Otherwise the output is always LOW. In the experiment for the NAND Gate, when both inputs are HIGH, the output is LOW. Otherwise the output is always HIGH. Conclusion By doing this experiment, I have realized that the outputs of the NOR and OR Gates are opposites of each other as far as output matters. The

Why Americans Once Gave the ‘Bellamy Salute’

Why Americans Once Gave the ‘Bellamy Salute’ The American school children in the picture are showing their loyalty to our flag and country by giving the â€Å"Bellamy Salute† while reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. Despite how it might look, the Bellamy Salute had nothing to do with Nazi dictator Adolph Hitler, but it did cause quite stir many years ago. In fact, the Bellamy Salute is an interesting aside on the history of the Pledge of Allegiance itself. Who Was â€Å"Bellamy?† Francis J. Bellamy actually wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance at the request of Daniel Sharp Ford, owner of a popular Boston-based magazine of the day named the Youth’s Companion. In 1892, Ford began a campaign to place American flags in every classroom in the nation. Ford believed that with the Civil War (1861-1865) still so fresh in the memories of so many Americans, a great public show of patriotism would help stabilize a still fragile nation. Along with the flags, Sharp assigned Bellamy, one of his staff writers at the time, to create a short phrase to be recited to honor the flag and all it stood for. Bellamy’s work, the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag, was published in the Youth’s Companion, and immediately struck a chord with Americans. The first organized use of the Pledge of Allegiance came on Oct. 12, 1892, when some 12 million American school children recited it to commemorate the 400-year anniversary of the voyage of Christopher Columbus. In 1943, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school administrators or teachers could not force students to recite the Pledge. How it Became Bellamy’s Salute Bellamy and Sharp also felt a physical, non-military style salute should be given to the flag as the Pledge was recited. When the instructions for the salute were printed in the Youth’s Companion under his name, the gesture became known as the Bellamy Salute. The instructions for the Bellamy Salute were simple: When reciting the Pledge, each person was to extend their right arm straight ahead and pointing slightly upward, with their fingers pointing straight ahead or in the direction of the flag, if present. And That Was Fine†¦ Until Americans had no problem with the Bellamy Salute and rendered it proudly until the days before World War II, when Italians and Germans began showing loyalty to dictators Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler with the disturbingly similar â€Å"Heil Hitler!† salute. Americans giving the Bellamy Salute began to fear that they might be mistaken as showing allegiance to the growingly powerful European fascist and Nazi regimes. In his book â€Å"To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance,† author Richard J. Ellis wrote, â€Å"the similarities in the salute had begun to attract comment as early as the mid-1930s.† Fears also began to grow that the editors of European newspapers and films could easily crop the American flag from pictures of Americans giving the Bellamy Salute, thus giving Europeans the false impression that Americans were beginning to support Hitler and Mussolini. As Ellis wrote in his book, â€Å"the embarrassing resemblance between the ‘Heil Hitler’ salute and the salute that accompanied the Pledge of Allegiance,† stirred fears among many Americans that the Bellamy Salute could be used overseas for pro-fascist propaganda purposes. So Congress Ditched It On December 22, 1942, back in the days when Congress really took care of business, lawmakers passed a bill amending the U.S. Flag Code to mandate that the Pledge of Allegiance should â€Å"be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart,† exactly like we do it today. Other Changes to the Pledge Besides the demise of the Bellamy Salute in 1942, the exact wording of the Pledge of Allegiance has been changed over the years. For example, the phrase â€Å"I pledge allegiance to the flag,† was original written by Bellamy as â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my flag.† The â€Å"my† was dropped out of concerns that immigrants to the United States, even those who had completed the naturalization process, might be seen as pledging allegiance to the flag of their home nation. The biggest and by far most controversial change came in 1954, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower drove a move to add the words â€Å"under God† after â€Å"one nation.† â€Å"In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America’s heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countrys most powerful resource in peace and war,† declared Eisenhower at the time. In June 2002, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco declared the entire Pledge of Allegiance unconstitutional because of its inclusion of the phrase â€Å"under God.† The court held that the phrase violated the First Amendment’s guarantee of separation of church and state. However, the next day, 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Alfred Goodwin, issued a stay that prevented enforcement of the ruling. So while its wording may change again, you can bet the Bellamy Salute will have no place in the future of the Pledge of Allegiance.

Nondiscrimination Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nondiscrimination Paper - Essay Example This would probably exclude, however, private institutions, which can indeed stipulate their own rules. In this case, the free exercise issue would not be a strong argument for the university. [79 words] 1. When may colleges and universities legally regulate the distribution by students of material that some students, faculty, or community members would find offensive See generally the Student Edition Sections 9.3.3, 9.3.5, and 9.3.6. Do private institutions have more latitude in such regulation than public institutions See generally the Student Edition Section 9.3.6. Generally, free speech is not prohibited. The only time a college or university may regulate offensive material is if the material is illegal speech, i.e., it has the ability to incite a riot. Private institutions have no more latitude over such regulation in this matter than public institutions do; this is the legal judgment on such an issue. Otherwise, anything else is permissible-even, perhaps shockingly, hate speech. [68 words] 2.